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The six years following the global credit crisis have seen a blizzard of financial regulation hit Europe and wider global markets. As the regulatory landscape starts to settle, we consider the regulatory facts of life that can help companies of all sizes negotiate this new terrain successfully.

The fall in the currency could have repercussions for investor safety, extending the downward trend in its country risk score.

Macro and political headwinds make investors nervous. Uncertain market conditions have created a tough environment for anyone seeking to conduct an equity flotation or rights issue in Europe. Some recent high profile cancellations of equity transactions can also be attributed to poor planning or unrealistic expectations. So here are my thoughts on how a CFO can help keep an equity transaction on track — and more generally, keep a company’s shareholders on board.

Investor prospects in Portugal, Ireland, Spain and even Greece have brightened this year, but Italy could still put a damper on the recovery.

As borrowing costs in Europe continue to hit historic lows, Dr Michael Kilka, Divisional Head Advisory at Commerzbank responsible for capital market coverage of large corporate and institutional clients, discusses the opportunities and challenges for corporate financing

Political turmoil is heightening investor risk and will likely narrow the risk score differential with Japan, but a strong macro-fiscal situation should not be overlooked.

Investor risk has been rising this year with fears over Brexit, China, the oil price slump, eurozone debts and global conflict weighing heavily on portfolio decision-making. The shock impact of the Republican victory has made the picture even murkier and sent assets into a tailspin.

The October elections did not deliver the shock investors were bracing themselves for when anti-government protests took place earlier in the year – easing the risks and endorsing Iceland’s credentials for a credit rating upgrade based on its improving macro-fiscal profile.

Like most major regulatory changes, the introduction of new margin, collateral and capital requirements for non-cleared OTC derivatives has been subject to delay as regulators finalise the details and dealers are struggling with their implementation. With its global start date already having been delayed from Q3 2015 to 2016, Europe is now pushing back further, most likely to Q2 1017.

Although the CIS is learning to adjust to low oil prices, the recovery is slow, the political risks complex, and with fiscal deficits widening living standards are failing to keep pace with other emerging markets.

Will Frankfurt be the main beneficiary of Brexit? It is certainly working hard to develop its Finanzplatz and polish up its image as a place to live and work. In this roundtable, a who’s-who of representatives from the Frankfurt region exchanged their views on the prospects for the city in the post-Brexit era.

Its risk score plunged the most of any country worldwide in Euromoney’s country risk survey in Q3 2016, highlighting how eurozone investors must remain on their toes.

The country is gradually improving its position in the ECR rankings – unlike several of its neighbours.

The calming of the political shock of Brexit, with oil prices now receiving Opec support, is preventing global risks from worsening. Yet with a referendum looming in Italy, elections in the US and Europe to come, not to mention frail banks and several countries mired in difficulties, it might be the calm before another global storm.

The decision to reassign Hungary’s investment grade will bring delight to Budapest, bringing the sovereign borrower correctly in line with Romania, but S&P needs to take note – Euromoney’s country risk survey is shining the spotlight on another country that is closely aligned.

Continuing engagement with the IMF is a positive sign, but it’s a long way back as the economic, political and security risks are still sky-high.

Hungary’s improving score in recent years prompted ECR in April to highlight the potential for the sovereign’s upgrade. Five months later, on September 16, rating agency S&P did just that.

Poland’s declining risk score trend in Euromoney’s survey signals the rating agency is lagging experts in the field.

The borrower will not challenge Indian safety for the foreseeable future, but faith in the emerging market (EM) is justified by its improving risk score.

2016 is expected to be another record year for green bond issuance. Here Mirko Gerhold, Head of DCM Bonds Solutions at Commerzbank, explains the evolution and benefits of the green bond sector. He also looks ahead to the trends expected in the next two to three years and how issuers and investors can benefit in this growing market.

While the focus has been on how Italy must resolve its banking sector problems, investors should also be keeping an eye on the risks lurking elsewhere in Europe.

Uncertainty is increasing for peso assets as the fight for the White House heats up. Even a victory for Hillary Clinton comes with reservations attached, demonstrating how it is not just the possibility of Donald Trump winning that is ringing alarm bells.

Country-by-country assessments of Europe’s banking sector show that risks are at new highs, as the financial services industry struggles to cope with the aftershocks of the 2007/08 crisis. Resolving the Italian bank crisis is key to how it will all pan out.

Euromoney’s survey shows the UK’s risk score falling in the wake of the shock referendum decision coming out in favour of a withdrawal from the European Union. The risk experts acknowledge the potential longer-term positives, the swift changes shoring up political stability, and the opportunities created by the pound depreciating. They are nevertheless concerned by the economic outlook and its impact on the fiscal metrics.

From our extensive time in debt capital markets, we’ve come across plenty of myths and misconceptions about corporate funding. But equally there are certain golden rules that hold true for almost every issuer, whatever their size or profile. Here we’ve gathered 10 universal truths that we hope will help guide any finance director looking to raise funding via DCM loans or bonds.

With yields across much of the developed world entrapped in an apparently endless downward spiral, investor attention is once again focusing on the potential of emerging market (EM) debt. Cristian Maggio, global head of emerging markets strategy at TD Securities, explains that it is not just the relatively high yields available in the asset class that is attracting renewed investor interest. Following a lengthy period of underperformance, there are several compelling drivers of rising investor confidence in the longer term prospects for EM.

Citi Research has released a detailed report combining its own econometric model with the output from Euromoney’s Country Risk Survey to yield a new, more powerful tool for identifying default probabilities and relative value for sovereign issuers.